Embedded system vehicle based on multi-sensor fusion

As intelligent driving vehicles came out of concept into people’s life, the combination of safe driving and artificial intelligence becomes the new direction of future transportation development. Autonomous driving technology is developing based on control algorithms and model recognitions. In this paper, a cloud-based interconnected multi-sensor fusion autonomous vehicle system is proposed that uses deep learning (YOLOv4) and improved ORB algorithms to identify pedestrians, vehicles, and various traffic signs. A cloud-based interactive system is built to enable vehicle owners to master the situation of their vehicles at any time. In order to meet multiple application of automatic driving vehicles, the environment perception technology of multi-sensor fusion processing has broadened the uses of automatic driving vehicles by being equipped with automatic speech recognition (ASR), vehicle following mode and road patrol mode. These functions enable automatic driving to be used in applications such as agricultural irrigation, road firefighting and contactless delivery under new coronavirus outbreaks. Finally, using the embedded system equipment, an intelligent car was built for experimental verification, and the overall recognition accuracy of the system was over 96%. Author

Transformer notre avenir en un futur soutenable : pour une planification de la transition automobile

L'industrie automobile est dans une tourmente, conjoncturelle, tout d'abord, avec un marché profondément affecté par le Covid, des pénuries de matériaux et composants et des clients désorientés ;structurelle, ensuite, avec la transition â marche forcée vers l'électrification. Cette double crise est a haut risque pour l'industrie automobile, mais l'alignement de l'action de l'ensemble des parties prenantes devrait permettre â la filiere française de rester dans la course pour l'automobile du futur.

Introduction

L'industrie automobile est a la croisée des chemins, car elle est soumise a une conjonction d'externalités d'une ampleur et d'une intensité rarement vues : absorption de toutes les crises récentes, celles du Covid et des semi-conducteurs, mais aussi celle de la hausse des prix de l'énergie. C'est celui de parvenir å intégrer ces techniques afin de parvenir a réinventer l'automobile de demain, une automobile connectée, robotisée et traitant automatiquement de grands volumes de données afin de progresser en intelligence, et de mettre celle-ci au service de l'humain, pour un usage réinventé de l'automobile et pour instaurer un systéme de mobilité plus durable. Il appelle ainsi a mieux cibler l'accompagnement des fournisseurs pour faire émerger une nouvelle génération d'ETI et aussi l'apparition de grands équipementiers leaders dans le monde de l'électrique, de l'hydrogene et, plus globalement, de l'automobile de demain. Il demande aussi que l'Europe se donne du temps pour s'adapter a la transition en protégeant temporairement, a l'instar des États-Unis, son marché intérieur.

The French automotive industry faces the challenge of the ecological transition

[...]the vehicle of the future must be considered within the broader framework of the mobility of the future, taking into account the entire value chain. Transforming our future into a sustainable future: planning for the automotive transition Didier Sepulchre de Condé, Mechanical industry The automotive industry is in turmoil, firstly because of the economic situation, with a market deeply affected by Covid, shortages of materials and components and disoriented customers;and secondly because of the structural situation, with the forced transition to electrification. The four paradoxes of the ecological transition of the European car industry Alois Kirchner, Former Director of Cabinet of the Minister for Industry The energy transition in the automotive sector is essential for achieving French and European climate objectives. [...]the actions implemented come up against four paradoxes, which must be overcome if this transition is to succeed: * the regulation on the reduction of CO2 emissions from the tank to the wheel, to the exclusion of other sources which now represent the majority of emissions from new vehicles;* the steering of vehicle traffic restrictions based on Crit'air stickers, leading to the prohibition of access to certain cities for vehicles that are more virtuous than others that are still allowed to enter;* the inability to implement policies to support the production of vehicles on European soil that are sufficiently powerful to halt the fall in associated jobs;a situation that benefits production sites that are not subject to the same environmental standards;* and the rising price of "green" vehicles, leading to a slowdown in the renewal of the fleet and the maintenance of a high level of pollution and carbon emissions.

Reputation of Electric Vehicles in the Environment of Carbon Reduction and Accelerated Digitization

The accelerated digitization of the third decade of the twenty-first century poses a challenge both for science and for practice. The study presents partial results of continuous research on online reputation management of entities operating in the environment of low-carbon economy. The aim of the study is the application of a standardized methodology for calculating the Total level of Online Reputation (TOR) to determine the market position of selected Electric Vehicles (EVs) compared to the market position of conventional Vehicles with Internal Combustion Engines (ICEVs) in the online environment. The research sample consists of the ten best-selling Vehicles and the ten best-selling Electric Vehicles in the world by sales in the year 2021. Based on the measurement results and the subsequent analysis of the context, it can be concluded that the EV market shows the parameters of a developing market not only from the point of view of sales but also in terms of the overall level of Online Reputation as such. At the same time, it is possible to point out a high geographical specificity and significant disproportionality of the EV market compared to ICEVs. From the overall market perspective, the future of cars in the EV category is still unclear, as building trust in low-carbon products is limited by historical tradition. The main representatives of the EV industry thus represent the first forays of the onset of the low-carbon era in individual transport. The description of the issue will require the monitoring of status indicators over time. The results of the presented study can thus serve as a baseline and methodological framework for further research of the adoption of low-carbon policies in common practice.

Risk Modeling Framework for Strategic and Operational Intervention to Enhance the Effectiveness of a Closed-Loop Supply Chain

In a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC), acquiring end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) and their components from both primary and secondary markets has posed a huge uncertainty and risk. Moreover, the constant supply of ELV components with minimization of cost and exploitation of natural resources is another pressing challenge. To address the issues, the present study has developed a risk simulation framework to study market uncertainty/risk in a CLSC. In the first phase of the framework, a total of 12 important variables are identified from the existing studies. The total interpretive structural model (TISM) is used to develop a causal relationship network among the variables. Then, Matriced Impacts Cruoses Multiplication Applique a un Classement is used for determining the nature of relationships (i.e., driving or dependence power). In the second phase, the relationship of TISM is used to derive a Bayesian belief network model for determining the level of risks (i.e., high, medium, and low) associated with the CLSC through the generation of conditional probabilities across 1) multi-, 2) single-, and 3) without-parent nodes. The study findings will help decision-makers in adopting strategic and operational interventions to increase the effectiveness and resiliency of the network. Furthermore, it will help practitioners to make decisions on change management implementation for stakeholders'performance audits on the attributes of the ELV recovery program and developing resilience in the CLSC network. Overall, the present study holistically contributes to a broader investigation of the implications of strategic decisions in automobile manufacturers and resellers. IEEE

The stratified multi criteria decision making method: An extended version

It often occurs that after a multi-criteria decision is made, the decision maker becomes unsure as to whether they have made the best decision. This doubt arises because the criteria being considered do not carry the same weightings. This instability is relevant to the consideration of possible future events, such as a possible recession following the COVID-19 outbreak, which may affect the criteria weightings. The stratified multi-criteria decision-making method (SMCDM) has been proposed to address this issue. This method suggests the consideration of a number of states in the decision-making process. In each state, the weightings of the criteria are different depending on which event or which combination of events are being considered. The states are associated with transition probabilities that are used to compute the optimal weightings of the criteria. This paper suggests approaches to compute the transition probabilities. Moreover, the consideration of several events in SMCDM results in a great number of states and this would be a time consuming and error prone process. Hence, the incremental enlargement characteristic of the concept of stratification (CST) is added to SMCDM in order to reduce the large numbers of states to a manageable quantity. IEEE

Impact of autonomous solutions on earthmoving electrification using machine learning: case study

PurposeThis research aims to investigate the adoption of future technologies in earthmoving applications. The increased development in automated driving systems (ADS) has opened up significant opportunities to revolutionize mobility and to set the path for technologies, such as electrification. The research also aims to explore the impact of automation on electromobility in earthmoving applications.Design/methodology/approachThis paper adopts a multi-objective simulation-based optimization approach using machine learning in earthmoving applications.FindingsThis study concludes that ADS is "conditionally” an enabler for electrification. The study highlights and explains how local and global factors affect this conclusion. In addition to that, the research explores the impact of the equipment size on the integration of future mobility technologies. The shift from "elephant to ants” in the fleet selection resulted in improved feasibility from the integration of ADS in electrification.Originality/valueThis research provides fundamental considerations in the assessment of the impact of autonomous driving solutions on electromobility in the construction industry.

Open Streets for Whom?

The COVID-19 pandemic has created opportunities for cities to close streets to automobile traffic in the name of public health. Although these interventions promise numerous benefits, neighborhood activists and scholars of color suggest they can perpetuate structurally racist inequities. In this Viewpoint, we implore planners and other city builders to think critically about the impact of these interventions by employing an environmental justice framework. Applying this framework in the open streets context exposes several potential paradoxes that arise. We conclude with a set of best practices that can help city builders transcend these paradoxes and extend this livability revolution to all.

The effects of tie strength and data integration with supply base on supply disruption ambiguity and its impact on inventory turnover

PurposeIn this paper, the authors introduce supply disruption ambiguity as the inability of a sourcing firm to attach probability point estimates to the occurrence of and to the magnitude of loss from supply disruptions. The authors drew on the "ambiguity in decision-making” literature to define this concept formally, connected it to relevant supply disruption information deficit, positioned it relative to supply chain risk assessment and hypothesized and tested its negative associations with both supply base ties and inventory turnover.Design/methodology/approachThe authors analysed survey data from 171 North American manufacturers and archival data for a subset (88 publicly listed) of these manufacturers via Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation after ensuring that methodological concerns with survey research have been addressed. They used appropriate controls and employed the heteroskedasticity-based instrumental variable (HBIV) approach to ensure that inferences from our results are not unduly influenced by endogeneity.FindingsStrong supply base ties decrease supply disruption ambiguity, which, in turn, increases inventory turnover. Moreover, strong supply base ties and data integration with the supply base have indirect and positive effects on inventory turnover. As sourcing firms strengthen ties and integrate data exchange with their supply base, their inventory turnover improves from access to information relevant to detect and diagnose supply disruptions effectively.Originality/valueResearch on supply disruption management has paid more attention to the "disruption recovery” stage than to the "disruption discovery” stage. In this paper, the authors add novel insights regarding the recognition and diagnosis aspects of the "disruption discovery” stage. These novel insights reveal how and why sourcing firms reduce their overall ambiguity associated with detecting and assessing losses from supply disruptions through establishing strong ties with their supply base and how and why reducing such ambiguity improves inventory turnover performance.

A Virtual Reality Lab for Automotive Service Specialists: A Knowledge Transfer System in the Digital Age

Under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an accelerated transition from the traditional form of knowledge transfer to online learning. Our study of 344 automotive students showed that the success of this transition depends on the readiness to introduce special digital tools for organizing knowledge and conducting practical forms of classes. In this regard, a modern digital form of organizing and transferring knowledge to automotive service engineers in the form of virtual laboratories was developed and presented in the article. The work scenarios, functionality, and minimum technical requirements of virtual laboratories as software systems are described and reviewed in the paper. The rationale for the effectiveness of the application, based on the results of using 109 university students in training practice, is presented as a result of the research. An analysis of the distributions of the student survey results and their training progress revealed differences at the p = 0.05 significance level. This confirmed the hypothesis that the use of methods for teaching engineers special disciplines and language skills using VR technologies is much more effective than the traditional one. An increase in students' interest in learning was revealed, and their performance improved markedly. This proves that the immersive nature of VR technology makes it possible to better assimilate the studied material, increase the level of motivation of future car service specialists, and also allow the organization of the transfer of knowledge online. The very process of knowledge transfer becomes the point of acquiring new digital competencies necessary for high-tech industries. © 2023 by the authors.

China's auto industry: regimes of production and industrial policy in the age of electric cars

This article discusses China's industrial and labour policy for the automotive industry facing the transition to the era of new energy vehicles. A conceptual framework on the regimes of production is employed to analyse the present transformation of industry structures in production models and labour markets. The growth of private-capitalist regimes of high-performance, low wages, and high profit incentives for workers is identified, which can be described as the 'Foxconnisation' of the industry, and it is at the expense of the corporate-bureaucratic regimes prevalent among the leading Sino-foreign joint ventures. As production networks become vertically disintegrated, some non-traditional industrial players are highlighted in the discussion of some recent developments in the industry during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The profound transformation in the regimes of production brought about social contradictions related to the production process, and new challenges and implications for workplace policies. The empirical study of this article confirms the necessity of trade union strategies inside China from an international perspective in order to ensure social standards and a more sustainable green transformation of the industry.

Impact of COVID-19 Prevention and Control Measures on Expressway Transportation in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

Under the background of normalized COVID-19 prevention and control, regional epidemics occur frequently in China. How to quantify the impact of COVID-19 prevention and control measures on economic operation and passenger and freight transportation has become an urgent problem. To this end, we design a calculation method for expressway transportation indicators, propose the level and stage division process of COVID-19 prevention and control measures, and then establish a difference-in-difference model to further analyze their impact on expressway transportation indicators. Taking major cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as an example, case studies are conducted based on the expressway toll data and COVID-19 prevention and control information from May 2020 to April 2022. The results show that in the level I (strengthened) stage, the passenger vehicle flow has dropped significantly, the drop in each case is between 8% and 27%, and the freight indicators have not changed significantly. In Shenzhen and Dongguan, both passenger and freight indicators dropped sharply in the level II (strict) stage. Passenger vehicle flow in the two cities dropped by 46.3% and 33.7%, and truck flow by 42.7% and 27.6%, respectively, and cargo and turnover decreased as much as truck flow. The average inter- city distance of expressway passenger cars has a downward trend under the level I stage, but under the level II stage, the average inter-city distance of passenger cars and trucks has increased significantly. This study can provide a certain reference value for the formulation and implementation of COVID-19 prevention and control measures in cities and urban agglomerations. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.

A government-driven sectoral transformation? French and German policy responses to the COVID-crisis in the automotive industry

This paper explores the COVID-era government stimulus programs for the automotive industry in France and Germany. We assess the design of the sectoral support packages and the related policymaking processes against the background of the discourse about crisis-era state aid as an instrument of economic restructuring. We place the sectoral stimulus programs in the context of changing EU-level regulations and the following three country-level characteristics: the revival of industrial policy thinking among national policymakers;the growing economic pressures in the domestic automotive sectors;and the established structures of government-industry interest intermediation. Our results suggest that in both countries, large and technologically transformative recovery programs were introduced for the automotive sector. However, both support packages had a rather structurally conservative character and were influenced by different pre-existing state-industry dynamics: the corporatist concertation in Germany and post-dirigiste state interventionism in France.

'2022 – the first year of the EV era in Japan?' The COVID crisis and its impact on the Japanese automobile industry

Has the COVID pandemic just been another crisis that had hit the Japanese automobile industry over the past three decades or has it been a watershed moment with respect to the shift to electric cars (EVs)? After presenting data regarding the development of Japanese industry and the evolution of policies for ecological friendly cars, the paper argues that, given that all major automobile markets and most foreign competitors are shifting towards battery electric vehicles (BEVs), the Japanese automobile producers have no choice other than abandoning conventional combustion engines including hybrid technologies and changing their strategies as well to BEVs. They do so, not because of government carbon neutral policies or out of conviction of the ecological superiority of BEVs, but just out of pure pragmatism in order to maintain their international competitiveness regarding products and production. COVID did not trigger but accelerated these developments.

COVID-19 crisis and the automotive industry in Mexico: public policies and firm strategies

The automotive industry's performance in Mexico was affected by the health and economic SARS-CoV2-crisis. As part of the complex North American supply chain, several factors influenced decision-making on crisis management. We determined the multilevel governance mechanisms to characterise the process of implementing activities. The productive performance of the industry, capacity utilisation rate per plant, employment, and foreign direct investment were evaluated. The federal government's support was scarce, although subnational governments were more sensitive to cooperate with stakeholders. Companies had to adapt to pandemic conditions and also to changes in the political and institutional environment driven by the USMCA and tensions between the USA and China. As a result, inward FDI flows and nearshoring practices are growing in the northern Mexican regions, stabilising the supply chains.

Driving a difference: the role of the Covid-19 pandemic in U.S. consumers' information search behaviors and purchasing of Japanese automobiles

PurposeWhile prior research has investigated factors that predict consumers' information search behaviors as they relate to automobiles, such studies were conducted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that the pandemic has necessitated lockdowns, social distancing, business closures and other disruptions to normal shopping activities, consumer information search behaviors have also been substantially altered as the psychological distance between consumers and marketers has increased. Thus, this study aims to examine these changes and identify patterns of search behavior for a major durable product: automobiles.Design/methodology/approachUsing survey data from before and during the pandemic, the study implements Finite Mixture Modeling to unveil latent segments of U.S. consumers' search behaviors and choices for Japanese automobiles. This analytic method enables capturing consumer unobserved heterogeneity through mixing probabilities guided by individual characteristics. These segments are determined based on consumers' information search for online and offline marketer-controlled and nonmarketer-controlled sources.FindingsThe study identifies that two segments of consumers emerge both prior to the pandemic and during the pandemic. These empirically validated findings indicate that the pandemic has led to shifts in consumers' information search behaviors for Japanese automobiles by relying more on nonmarketer-controlled sources of information.Originality/valueThis work is among the first comprehensive empirical analyses of consumer search for a major durable product by comparing pre- and during pandemic patterns. Using analytics and econometrics, the first-hand analysis findings offer meaningful implications for marketers and product managers in the automotive industry.

Bayesian Hierarchical Spatial Modeling of COVID-19 Cases in Bangladesh

This research aimed to investigate the spatial autocorrelation and heterogeneity throughout Bangladesh's 64 districts. Moran I and Geary C are used to measure spatial autocorrelation. Different conventional models, such as Poisson-Gamma and Poisson-Lognormal, and spatial models, such as Conditional Autoregressive (CAR) Model, Convolution Model, and modified CAR Model, have been employed to detect the spatial heterogeneity. Bayesian hierarchical methods via Gibbs sampling are used to implement these models. The best model is selected using the Deviance Information Criterion. Results revealed Dhaka has the highest relative risk due to the city's high population density and growth rate. This study identifies which district has the highest relative risk and which districts adjacent to that district also have a high risk, which allows for the appropriate actions to be taken by the government agencies and communities to mitigate the risk effect. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Oil price and the automobile industry: Dynamic connectedness and portfolio implications with downside risk

The paper examines the interactions of downside risks between crude oil and the automobile sector through the employment of Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) and Diebold and Yılmaz (2014) framework in a static and time-varying perspective. The network connectedness is found to intensify during the periods of the Global Financial Crisis (2007-09) and the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-21). Crude oil remains a net receiver of downside risks along with the automobile firms such as FAW and SAIC while Daimler, BMW, and Renault are the prominent transmitters of downside risk in the network. Further, we find that the net pairwise spillover of downside risk of oil on automobile stocks is time-variant. The risk diversification strategies using optimal portfolios that minimise VaR95, CVaR95, and maximise quadratic utility gains are constructed with oil futures contracts and evaluated for their hedging efficiency and net utility gains. The overall hedging efficiency and net utility gains are highest during the Global Financial crisis period, followed by COVID-19, the post-crisis, and the pre-crisis periods. The findings hold significance for investors, fund managers, and policymakers.

L'analyse des usages de technologies digitales dédiées à la synchronisation : intérêts pour l'étude d'une transformation organisationnelle dans l'ingénierie de conception automobile

Cet article, issu d'une recherche en ergonomie en cours, a pour objectif d'éclairer l'activité des acteurs de la conception du secteur industriel automobile français à travers les usages organisationnels des technologies digitales. Ces dernières sont intégrées depuis plusieurs décennies à l'activité de ces travailleurs et visent à organiser l'activité collective déployée tout au long d'un projet de conception au sein d'équipes distribuées et virtuelles. Parallèlement, ce secteur industriel est soumis à de multiples contraintes de nature économique et écologique l'amenant à flexibiliser ses modes d'organisation dans le but d'innover tout en raccourcissant ses délais de conception. Ce contexte de digitalisation et de transformations organisationnelles interroge l'activité de synchronisation individuelle et collective de ces populations, notamment vis-à-vis des ressources et moyens à leur disposition pour préserver leurs marges de manoeuvre et stratégies de régulation. Ainsi, deux études de cas ont été constituées à travers l'analyse de deux projets de conception automobile se déroulant dans différentes conjonctures. En effet, l'un des deux projets s'est déroulé durant la crise sanitaire due à la COVID-19, nous incitant à adapter nos méthodes de recueil de données, mais également à reconsidérer la digitalisation de cette activité de conception, dans laquelle les interactions entre travailleurs ne pouvaient se dérouler qu'à travers l'usage des technologies digitales. Ainsi, ces deux études de cas abordent les liens entre la flexibilisation des individus et des organisations d'une part, et les stratégies de régulation d'autre part, à travers l'analyse des usages des technologies digitales. Les résultats de ces études de cas montrent que l'usage des technologies digitales, constituant une ressource ou une contrainte pour l'activité, est lié aux caractéristiques de l'organisation dans laquelle elles sont déployées à deux niveaux ;ces formes d'organisations en projet créent des usages spécifiques de ces technologies et ne pourraient exister en l'état sans ces derniers. Précis L'industrie automobile française s'est familiarisée depuis plusieurs décennies à l'usage des technologies digitales afin de réaliser ses projets de conception. Ceux-ci servent notamment à organiser l'activité collective lors d'un projet au sein d'équipes pluridisciplinaires et pluriterritoriales. En parallèle, pour innover au sein d'un marché concurrentiel mondial, ce secteur adopte des organisations de projets visant à raccourcir les délais de conception des véhicules. Cela invite à interroger l'activité de synchronisation individuelle et collective de ces acteurs de la conception à travers les usages organisationnels de ces technologies digitales. En s'appuyant sur des données issues d'une recherche en ergonomie, cet article éclaire les usages organisationnels des technologies digitales dans l'ingénierie de conception automobile, mais également la manière dont l'analyse de ces usages constitue une opportunité pour réinterroger les formes d'organisation du travail dans lesquelles des technologies digitales sont déployées.Alternate :This article, which is the result of ongoing ergonomic research, aims to shed light on the activity of design workers in the French automotive industry through the organisational uses of digital technologies. These technologies have been integrated into the activity of these workers for several decades and aim to organise the collective activity deployed throughout a design project within distributed and virtual teams. At the same time, this industrial sector is subject to multiple constraints of an economic and ecological nature, leading it to make its organisational methods more flexible in order to innovate while shortening its design times. This context of digitalisation and organisational transformation questions the individual and collective activity of synchronisation of these populations, particularly with regard to the resources and means at their disposal to preserve their room for manoeuvre and regulation strategies. Thus, two case studies were constituted through the analysis of two automotive design projects taking place in different circumstances. Indeed, one of the two projects took place during the Covid-19 health crisis, leading us to adapt our data collection methods but also to reconsider the digitalisation of this design activity, in which interactions between workers could only take place through the use of digital technologies. Thus, these two case studies address the links between the flexibilisation of individuals and organisations, on the one hand, and regulation strategies on the other, through the use of digital technologies. The results of these case studies show that the use of digital technologies, as a resource or constraint for the activity, is linked to the characteristics of the organisation in which they are deployed at two levels;these forms of organisation in projects create specific uses of these technologies and could not exist as they are without them.